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Milgram’s Obedience Experiment
A “shock generator,” top, was used by American psychologist Stanley Milgram in experiments designed to test the obedience of people to authority. An experimenter instructed subjects to administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to Mr. Wallace, bottom, an accomplice of the experimenter who was strapped into a chair and connected to the generator by electrodes on his skin. No actual shocks occurred. The experimenter ordered the subjects to continue as the shocks increased to a level the subjects believed were dangerous or even lethal. In Milgram’s initial study, 65 percent of people obeyed the experimenter and delivered the maximum shock of 450 volts. Milgram discusses his conclusions in this sound clip. milgram.mp3
Stanley Milgram/From the film "Obedience" (c)1965 by Stanley Milgram, distributed by Penn State Media Sales. Permission granted by Alexandra Milgram. All rights reserved.
Most of people after being a victim of mind control for a long time may experience some sort of seizures. I hope this article is helpful.
Epilepsy
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I |
INTRODUCTION |
Epilepsy, also called seizure disorder, chronic brain disorder that briefly interrupts the normal electrical activity of the brain to cause seizures, characterized by a variety of symptoms including uncontrolled movements of the body, disorientation or confusion, sudden fear, or loss of consciousness. Epilepsy may result from a head injury, stroke, brain tumor, lead poisoning, genetic conditions, or severe infections like meningitis or encephalitis. In over 70 percent of cases no cause for epilepsy is identified. Some 40 to 50 million people suffer from epilepsy worldwide and the majority of cases are in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 2 million new cases are diagnosed each year globally.
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II |
TYPES OF SEIZURES |
Epileptic seizures vary in intensity and symptoms depending on what part of the brain is involved. In partial seizures, the most common form of seizure in adults, only one area of the brain is involved. Partial seizures are classified as simple partial, complex partial (also known as psychomotor), and absence (also known as myoclonic or petit mal) seizures.
People who have simple partial seizures may experience unusual sensations such as uncontrollable jerky motions of a body part, sight or hearing impairment, sudden sweating or flushing, nausea, and feelings of fear.
Complex partial seizures, also called temporal lobe epilepsy, last for only one or two minutes. The individual may appear to be in a trance and moves randomly with no control over body movements. The individual’s activity does not cease during the seizure, but behavior is random and totally unrelated to the individual’s surroundings. This form of seizure may be preceded by an aura (a warning sensation characterized by feelings of fear, abdominal discomfort, dizziness, or strange odors and sensations).
Absence seizures, rare in adults, are characterized by a sudden, momentary loss or impairment of consciousness. Overt symptoms are often as slight as an upward staring of the eyes, a staggering gait, or a twitching of the facial muscles. No aura occurs and the person often resumes activity without realizing that the seizure has occurred.
In a second type of epilepsy, known as generalized seizure, tonic clonic, grand mal, or convulsion, the whole brain is involved. This type of seizure is often signaled by an involuntary scream, caused by contraction of the muscles that control breathing. As loss of consciousness sets in, the entire body is gripped by a jerking muscular contraction. The face reddens, breathing stops, and the back arches. Subsequently, alternate contractions and relaxations of the muscles throw the body into sometimes violent agitation such that the person may be subject to serious injury. After the convulsion subsides, the person is exhausted and may sleep heavily. Confusion, nausea, and sore muscles are often experienced upon awakening, and the individual may have no memory of the seizure. Attacks occur at varying intervals, in some people as seldom as once a year and in others as frequently as several times a day. About 8 percent of those subject to generalized seizures may have status epilepticus, in which seizures occur successively with no intervening periods of consciousness. These attacks may be fatal unless treated promptly with the drug diazepam.
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III |
DIAGNOSIS |
In persons suffering from epilepsy, the brain waves, electrical activity in the part of the brain called the cerebral cortex, have a characteristically abnormal rhythm produced by excessive electrical discharges in the nerve cells. Because these wave patterns differ markedly according to their specific source, a recording of the brain waves, known as an electroencephalogram (EEG) is important in the diagnosis and study of the disorder (see electroencephalography). Diagnosis also requires a thorough medical history describing seizure characteristics and frequency.
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IV |
TREATMENT |
There is no cure for epilepsy but symptoms of the disorder may be treated with drugs, surgery, or a special diet. Drug therapy is the most common treatment—seizures can be prevented or their frequency lessened in 80 to 85 percent of cases by drugs known as anticonvulsants or antiepileptics. Surgery is used when drug treatments fail and the brain tissue causing the seizures is confined to one area and can safely be removed. A special high-fat diet known as a ketogenic diet produces a chemical condition in the body called ketosis that helps prevent seizures in young children. Like any medical condition, epilepsy is affected by general health. Regular exercise, plenty of rest, and efforts to reduce stress can all have a positive effect on a person with a seizure disorder.
First aid for generalized seizures involves protecting the individual by clearing the area of sharp or hard objects, providing soft cushioning for the head, such as a pillow or folded jacket and, if necessary, turning the individual on the side to keep his or her airway clear. The individual having a seizure should not be restrained and the mouth should not be forced open—it is not true that a person having a seizure can swallow the tongue. If the individual having the seizure is known to have epilepsy or is wearing epilepsy identification jewelry, an ambulance should only be called if the seizure lasts longer than five minutes, another seizure closely follows the first, or the person cannot be awakened after the jerking movements subside.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Ringing. Buzzing. Roaring. Whooshing. Chirping. Beating. Humming. While you may enjoy these sounds in nature, they're no fun when they're coming from inside your own head.
Head noise, or ringing in your ears (tinnitus), is common. Millions of people have some degree of tinnitus. For some of them, the ringing in their ears is distressing enough for them to seek medical help. But, tinnitus isn't a disease. It's a symptom that can be caused by a number of medical conditions. Tinnitus may be the result of age-related hearing loss or ear injury, or it may be an indication of a disease of your circulatory system.
Most people find that by taking steps to reduce or mask the noise or by treating its underlying causes, their symptoms improve over time. And although the noise of tinnitus may be annoying, the condition rarely is a warning of a serious problem.
Tinnitus involves the annoying sensation of hearing sounds in your ear when no external sound is present. Signs and symptoms may include:
The noise may vary in pitch from a low roar to a high squeal, and you may hear it in one or both of your ears. In some cases, the sound can be so loud it interferes with your ability to concentrate or hear properly.
Earwax buildup may worsen tinnitus. Excess wax in your ear canal can reduce your ability to hear outside noises and amplify internal noises.
Inside your inner ear, thousands of auditory cells maintain an electrical charge. Microscopic hairs form a fringe on the surface of each auditory cell. When they're healthy, these hairs move in relation to the pressure of sound waves. The movement triggers the cell to discharge electricity through the auditory nerve. Your brain interprets these signals as sound.
If the delicate hairs inside your inner ear are bent or broken, they move randomly in a constant state of irritation. Unable to hold their charge, the auditory cells "leak" random electrical impulses to your brain as noise.
Damage to auditory cells in your inner ear most commonly results from:
Other causes of tinnitus may include:
Certain disorders of your blood vessels can cause a type of tinnitus called pulsatile tinnitus. These may include:
Most cases of tinnitus aren't harmful. However, if tinnitus persists or gets worse or you also experience hearing loss or dizziness, see your doctor.
Your doctor may be able to suggest treatments that might reduce the noise and techniques to help you better cope with the noise. If age-related hearing loss isn't a possible cause, tinnitus and hearing loss occurring at the same time in one ear may be due to nerve damage in your inner ear from an injury and should be evaluated by your doctor.
You and your doctor can discuss your signs and symptoms, when they started, their severity and what can make them worse. Also helpful to your doctor is information about your other health conditions, such as high blood pressure and whether you're taking any medications.
Your doctor will also examine your ears to see if an accumulation of earwax may be causing or contributing to the ringing in your ears. In addition, your doctor will attempt to hear noise with a stethoscope over the area of your head and neck around the ear. If damage to your inner ear is the cause of your tinnitus, you may have subjective tinnitus, meaning that only you can hear it. But if your doctor can hear noise from a vascular disorder, you have objective or pulsatile tinnitus.
Treatment of tinnitus depends on the cause.
If the ringing in your ears is due to age-related hearing loss or damage to your ears by exposure to excessive noise, no treatment can reduce the noise. Treatment consists mostly of managing the problem. Your doctor can discuss with you steps you can take every day to reduce the severity of the noise or to better cope with the noise.
If the ringing in your ears is due to another health condition, your doctor may be able to take steps that could reduce the noise, such as removing impacted earwax. Tinnitus resulting from a vascular condition often can be corrected by fixing the underlying problem. If a medication you're taking appears to be the cause of tinnitus, your doctor may recommend discontinuing the drug or switching to a different medication.
Varying success for medications
Many medications have been tried to relieve tinnitus with varying degrees of
success. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline and nortriptyline,
have been used with some success, but these medications have troublesome side
effects, such as dry mouth, blurred vision and constipation.
Two recent clinical trials found that the migraine medications gabapentin (Neurontin) and acamprosate (Campral), a drug used to treat alcoholism, are effective in relieving tinnitus for some people.
Treatments with limited results
Some other treatments that have been tried, but which have had inconsistent
results, are:
Sometimes symptoms of tinnitus improve with time. Improvement isn't the result of physical changes, because any damage that has occurred to your ears is permanent and irreversible. Instead, many people learn to make adjustments to lessen the symptoms.
Try these techniques for reducing the severity of the noise and increasing your tolerance to it:
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/tinnitu
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is probably the most distressing and disabling mental disorder. The first signs of schizophrenia tend to surface in adolescence or young adulthood. Symptoms are confusing and can be distressing to family and friends.
People with schizophrenia suffer from problems with their thought processes. These lead to hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking, and unusual speech or behaviour . Symptoms affect the ability to interact with others, and often people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world.
Contrary to popular belief, people with schizophrenia do not have 'split personalities'. Another common belief is that people with schizophrenia are dangerous. In fact, they can be dangerous, but mostly only during the acute phases of their disease. It is fair to say that people with schizophrenia are far more likely to be victims of violence and crime than to commit violent acts.
Schizophrenia is a life-long illness and most patients will need treatment for the rest of their lives. This means they will miss out on career opportunities, stable relationships and friendships. Because of the lack of public understanding, people with schizophrenia often feel isolated and stigmatised, and may be reluctant or unable to talk about their illness.
Despite the availability of new medication with less severe and fewer side effects, only one person in five 'recovers' from the illness, and one in ten people with schizophrenia commits suicide.
Schizophrenia is distressing for everyone involved. Patients clearly suffer from great disruption to their lives. Families and friends will also be seriously affected and distressed because of the effects schizophrenia has on their relative and the burden of caring for their beloved one. Coping with the symptoms of schizophrenia can be especially difficult for relatives and friends who remember their beloved one before s/he became ill.
Despite clear evidence to the contrary, many people still believe that schizophrenia is caused by poor parenting or a lack of will power. Nothing is further from the truth. Schizophrenia is a complex illness and scientists believe it is caused by a number of different factors that act together. These factors include: genetic influences, trauma (injury) to the brain occurring during or around the time of birth, as well as the effects of social isolation and/or stress. In some cases the use of drugs, such as cannabis can also be a contributing factor. However, as yet no single factor has been identified as the cause of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia affects between 1 and 2% of people. The illness occurs all over the world and the incidence (or the rate of the illness) is similar in different countries and different cultures. Men and women are at equal risk of developing the illness. Whereas in men the illness tends to surface between the ages of 16 and 25, most females develop symptoms between the ages of 25 and 30.
When taken regularly and followed as prescribed, medications and other treatments for schizophrenia, can help reduce and control symptoms . However, some people don't experience the benefits of available treatments, or may prematurely discontinue treatment because of unpleasant side effects , including weight gain, or intolerance to the medication. Even when treatment is effective, patients often find it difficult to persevere with treatment. Lost career opportunities, stigma, ongoing symptoms and/or side effects can cause many difficulties and prevent patients from leading a normal life.
Substance misuse is a common concern for relatives. Some people who take drugs show symptoms that are very similar to schizophrenia symptoms. Often people with schizophrenia are mistaken for drug addicts. Moreover, people with schizophrenia often misuse alcohol and/or drugs and may react really badly to certain drugs. Substance abuse can also reduce the effectiveness of treatment.
Stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine or drugs such as PCP or marijuana, can cause serious problems and make symptoms worse. Substance misuse also reduces the likelihood that patients will stick to the treatment plans recommended by their doctors.
The most common form of substance misuse seen in people with schizophrenia is nicotine dependence as a result of smoking. People with schizophrenia are three times more likely to smoke than the general population. However, the relationship between smoking and schizophrenia is complex and smoking tends to interfere with the patient's response to medication. This means that a patient who smokes may need to take a higher dose of antipsychotic medication.
Medication
Medication is a necessary cornerstone of the treatment of schizophrenia. Your physician will choose with you which medication is most appropriate for you, in your situation. It is important to discuss with your doctor how the medication affects your life, both positively and negatively. Every product can possibly cause some side-effects. The challenge is to find the medication which helps you to live with schizophrenia in the best possible way, with the least side-effects possible. This process calls for regular follow-up and close contact with your physician.
Current antipsychotic treatment does not cure. Rather, it supports your brain to function normally again, as it re-establishes certain balances of chemicals in parts of your brain. This also means that medication only helps when present.
In schizophrenia it is of utmost importance to initiate treatment as soon as possible. When you start early with the medication, you have a higher chance that you will be able to lead a normal life and that problems don’t get worse too fast. If you have the slightest concern about your own or someone else’s mental health, you should not hesitate to consult your doctor without delay.
When you take the medication as prescribed on a continuous basis, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be controlled quite well. You could improve to such a degree that a physician who has not seen you before would not be able to diagnose you as a schizophrenia sufferer anymore. Physicians call this status remission when it lasts for at least 6 months. Long-acting medication can help you in sticking to the treatment, thereby supporting you to reach remission. Furthermore, this type of medication ensures continuous relief of psychotic symptoms. Patients who already take long-acting medication report to be very satisfied. They especially appreciate the close and regular follow-up by the physician.
Psychosocial treatment
Medication alone is not a treatment, but it will help you in following all other parts of your care path. It is recommended to complement your medication treatment with psychosocial support. Even when you feel relief of psychotic symptoms, you could experience difficulties with social contacts, motivation or daily care. It is also very likely that you find it difficult to find or hold on to a job, as many patients suffering from schizophrenia do. Psychosocial treatment programs generally focus on improving social functioning, be it in the hospital or in the community, at home or at work.
In the treatment of schizophrenia, there are different therapeutic options:
The main goal when choosing medication is to control your
symptoms. This choice is made by the physician, but it happens in
consultation with you and it is frequently evaluated.
Once your symptoms are relieved, continuing to take medication can help you to
reach remission.
Remission
means that you have reached a stage in which your symptoms are so mild that you
can lead a more or less normal life.
Adherence to medication
A lot of patients with schizophrenia do not take their medication as they should. A lot of them stop taking medication for a shorter of longer period. However, by taking a pause in the treatment the schizophrenia symptoms can come back. Research has shown that about 75% of people with schizophrenia relapse within a year to 18 months if antipsychotic drug therapy is stopped or taken inconsistently. Relapses are to be avoided, as they will lead to a new confrontation with the disorder, a further loss of social contacts and likely it will get worse every time.
It is worthwhile to look at the reasons why patients stop taking their medication as prescribed. These include:
It is good to know that it takes some time before the medication starts to work. The effects will not be immediately noticeable. Once the medication works and you start to feel better, it is very important to keep taking your medication. This is the only way to be sure not to experience a new psychotic attack. When you keep taking your medication as prescribed, you may reach remission. Remission refers a stage of close to normal functioning that lasts at least 6 months. To get and remain in remission, you will have to stick to the medication. This will support you in leading a more or less normal life.
There is now long-acting medication available that has to be administered only once every 2 or 4 weeks. During this period, you remain protected. Due to the regular and close follow-up by your physician there is no risk that you forget to take the medication, as a missed appointment is immediately clear. Patients who already take this long-acting medication report to be very satisfied. They are sure to be continuously protected and feel supported by the close follow-up. Patients taking this type of medication can more easily reach remission.
Side effects of antipsychotic medication
Like virtually all medications, antipsychotics are not always free of unwanted effects along with their beneficial effects. Drowsiness, restlessness, muscle spasms, weight gain, tremor, dry mouth or blurring of vision are not unusual in the early phases of drug treatment. Most of these can be corrected by lowering the dosage or can be reduced by switching to another medication. Different patients respond differently to treatment and experience different side effects when taking antipsychotic drugs. You should always consult your physician in case of doubt or if you have questions.
A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii causes a disease known as toxoplasmosis. While the parasite is found throughout the world, more than 60 million people in the United States may be infected with the Toxoplasma parasite. Of those who are infected, very few have symptoms because a healthy person's immune system usually keeps the parasite from causing illness. However, pregnant women and individuals who have compromised immune systems should be cautious; for them, a Toxoplasma infection could cause serious health problems.
Symptoms of the infection vary.
There are several general sanitation and food safety steps you can take to reduce your chances of becoming infected with Toxoplasma.
http://www.cdc.gov/NCIDOD/dpd/parasites/toxoplasmosis/factsht_toxoplasmosis.htm
Half of the world's human population is infected with Toxoplasma, parasites in the body—and the brain. Remember that.
Toxoplasma gondii is a common parasite found in the guts of cats; it sheds eggs that are picked up by rats and other animals that are eaten by cats. Toxoplasma forms cysts in the bodies of the intermediate rat hosts, including in the brain.
Since cats don't want to eat dead, decaying prey, Toxoplasma takes the evolutionarily sound course of being a "good" parasite, leaving the rats perfectly healthy. Or are they?
Oxford scientists discovered that the minds of the infected rats have been subtly altered. In a series of experiments, they demonstrated that healthy rats will prudently avoid areas that have been doused with cat urine. In fact, when scientists test anti-anxiety drugs on rats, they use a whiff of cat urine to induce neurochemical panic.
However, it turns out that Toxoplasma-ridden rats show no such reaction. In fact, some of the infected rats actually seek out the cat urine-marked areas again and again. The parasite alters the mind (and thus the behavior) of the rat for its own benefit.
If the parasite can alter rat behavior, does it have any effect on humans?
Dr. E. Fuller Torrey (Associate Director for Laboratory Research at the Stanley Medical Research Institute) noticed links between Toxoplasma and schizophrenia in human beings, approximately three billion of whom are infected with T. gondii: